What does a student learn in StateGeorgia,GradeGrade 9,SubjectScience?

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the relationship between distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration as functions of time.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to understand the formation of Earth and the evolution of its component systems.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to derive the phylogeny of animal taxa using informative characteristics.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze anatomical structures of the human body.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the structure and composition of Earth's atmosphere and the processes that cause weather.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding the historical progression of the core ideas of microbiology.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to properly conduct a forensic investigation of a crime scene.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to understand and analyze the disease process.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze the nature of the relationships between plant morphological structures and anatomical structures, functions, and processes.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to assess the validity of historical theories of astronomy.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the roles of insects in ecosystems.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on how biotic and abiotic factors interact to influence the distribution of species and the diversity of life on Earth.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the use of the modern atomic theory and periodic law to explain the characteristics of atoms and elements.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to investigate the composition and formation of Earth systems, including the Earth's place in the solar system.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to investigate the flow of energy and cycling of matter within an ecosystem.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how and why humans explore our ocean.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information from the Periodic Table to explain the relative properties of elements based on patterns of atomic structure.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze the structure and function of the integumentary, skeletal, and muscular systems.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the characteristics, physical features, and boundaries of the oceans.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to understand how plate tectonics creates certain geologic features, landforms, Earth materials, and geologic hazards.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the geologic conditions and processes that form different rocks and minerals through the rock cycle.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about energy transfer and its role in precipitation, cloud formation, and air mass formation.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain the evolutionary history of animals over the geological history of Earth.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to differentiate among types of microorganisms based on defining characteristics.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain how atoms bond to form stable compounds.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze factors influencing population growth, density, and dispersion.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on various scientific techniques to analyze physical, trace, and digital evidence.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how forces affect the motion of objects.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to identify and formulate hypotheses about patterns of health and disease.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain astronomical observations made from the point of reference of Earth.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to delineate the plant divisions based on current plant phylogenetic and taxonomic principles.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze how genetic information is expressed in cells.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to construct explanations of stability and change in Earth's ecosystems.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to compare and contrast structure and function of morphological and genetic characteristics across representative taxa.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how insect morphology and adaptation is related to insect success.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to construct explanations of community interactions.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the chemical and physical properties of matter resulting from the ability of atoms to form bonds.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to support the Law of Conservation of Matter.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain the coordination of information processing in the endocrine and nervous systems.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explore geologic time.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to model the flow of energy in the ocean.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to examine the structural components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms and their functions.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the science of weather forecasting.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explore the actions of water, wind, ice, and gravity as they relate to landscape change.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the type and use of analytical epidemiology and study designs and associations.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe Georgia's major physiographic ecoregions, their representative natural plant communities, and their conservation.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the importance of conservation laws for mechanical energy and linear momentum in predicting the behavior of physical systems.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to evaluate types, availability, allocation, and sustainability of energy resources.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain the changes in nuclear structure as a result of fission, fusion and radioactive decay.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information relating to biological evidence in forensic investigations.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to assess how animals interact with their environment and one another.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze the processing of matter and energy in the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and urinary systems.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to illustrate the formation of the solar system and the properties of celestial objects within it.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the evidence for plate tectonics; investigate the roles of Earth's internal processes as a mechanism of plate motion; and assess the relationship between plate tectonic boundary type and geologic hazards.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the impact of insects on the production of food and other products and in popular culture and commerce.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze associations and causations of health and disease.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about biogeochemical cycles and how the flow of energy influences ecosystems.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on how microorganisms generate energy for cellular functions.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to illustrate the organization of interacting systems within single-celled and multi-celled organisms.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information that describes the complex relationships between weather, climate and the oceans.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the relationship between weather and society.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze the relationship between humans and animals within various phyla.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze the impact of plant diseases and pests on plant defense systems and agriculture.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to understand how rock relationships and fossils are used to reconstruct the Earth's past.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to compare and contrast the phases of matter as they relate to atomic and molecular motion.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how the Law of Conservation of Matter is used to determine chemical composition in compounds and chemical reactions.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze the role of the reproductive system as it pertains to the growth and development of humans.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying DNA replication, gene expression (transcription and translation), and genetic variation, in microbes.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the properties and applications of waves.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe the scientific view of the origin of the universe, the evolution of matter, and the development of galaxies.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze human impact on natural resources.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about health-related messages in the media to make informed public health decisions and life goals.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze the role of impression evidence in order to make a physical match examination.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the impact of insects on human and other animal health, medicine, and biotechnology.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain the properties of solutions.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to assess the interdependence of all organisms on one another and their environment.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze the diversity of plant adaptations and responses to changing environmental conditions.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on the impact of natural and anthropogenic activities on ecological systems.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the effects of human population growth on global ecosystems.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain the effects of Earth's surface processes.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on how waves and tides are created and their influence on coastal processes.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about climate and climate change.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the relationship between human activity and insect populations.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to Medicolegal Death Investigations.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the connections between mass, gravity and fusion with respect to the life cycle of stars.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to investigate the interaction of solar energy and Earth's systems to produce weather and climate.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how to refine the design of a chemical system by applying engineering principles to manipulate the factors that affect a chemical reaction.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to determine parameters affecting prokaryotic microbial growth, ways of controlling microbial growth and how microorganisms respond to control mechanisms.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze the economic and ecological importance of plants in human society.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to assess the theory of evolution.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about electrical and magnetic force interactions.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain transformations and flow of energy within a system.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on the physical and chemical properties of seawater and how they influence the structure of the ocean.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to discuss how the past, current, and future explorations of space impact our investigations of the connections between cosmic phenomena and conditions necessary for life.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to investigate the distribution, extraction, and use of resources on the Earth and other bodies in the Solar System.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the Kinetic Molecular Theory to model atomic and molecular motion in chemical and physical processes.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how life on Earth responds to and shapes Earth's systems.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze the impact of microorganisms in the environment and their uses in biotechnology, agriculture, and industry.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain the relationships among force, mass, and motion.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how humans use the ocean as a resource and the need for responsible stewardship.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about nuclear changes of matter and related technological applications.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the properties that describe solutions and the nature of acids and bases.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to examine relationships among microbes and other organisms.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain the properties of waves.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain the properties of and relationships between electricity and magnetism.

Develop and use models to compare and contrast the structure of atoms, ions and isotopes.

Analyze and interpret data to determine trends of the following:<ul><li>Number of valence electrons</li><li>Types of ions formed by main group elements</li><li>Location and properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids</li><li>Phases at room temperature</li></ul>

Use the Periodic Table as a model to predict the above properties of main group elements.

Construct an explanation of how cell structures and organelles (including nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, lysosome, Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, ribosomes, and mitochondria) interact as a system to maintain homeostasis.

Develop and use models to explain the role of cellular reproduction (including binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis) in maintaining genetic continuity.

Construct arguments supported by evidence to relate the structure of macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) to their interactions in carrying out cellular processes.

Plan and carry out investigations to determine the role of cellular transport (e.g., active, passive, and osmosis) in maintaining homeostasis.

Ask questions to investigate and provide explanations about the roles of photosynthesis and respiration in the cycling of matter and flow of energy within the cell (e.g., single-celled alga).

Develop and use a model to compare and analyze the levels of biological organization including organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biosphere.

Develop and use a model based on the Laws of Thermodynamics to predict energy transfers throughout an ecosystem (food chains, food webs, and trophic levels).

Analyze and interpret data to construct an argument of the necessity of biogeochemical cycles (hydrologic, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, and carbon) to support a sustainable ecosystem.

Evaluate claims, evidence, and reasoning of the relationship between the physical factors (e.g., insolation, proximity to coastline, topography) and organismal adaptations within terrestrial biomes.

Plan and carry out an investigation of how chemical and physical properties impact aquatic biomes in Georgia.

Construct an explanation of the origins of the solar system from scientific evidence including the composition, distribution and motion of solar system objects.

Ask questions to evaluate evidence for the development and composition of Earth's early systems, including the geosphere (crust, mantle and core), hydrosphere and atmosphere.

Develop a model of the physical composition of Earth's layers using multiple types of evidence (e.g., Earth's magnetic field, composition of meteorites and seismic waves).

Evaluate merits and limitations of different models of the atom in relation to relative size, charge, and position of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atom.

Construct an argument to support the claim that the proton (and not the neutron or electron) defines the element's identity.

Construct an explanation based on scientific evidence of the production of elements heavier than hydrogen by nuclear fusion.

Construct an explanation that relates the relative abundance of isotopes of a particular element to the atomic mass of the element.

Construct an explanation of light emission and the movement of electrons to identify elements.

Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms (i.e. including atomic radii, ionization energy, and electronegativity).

Develop and use models, including electron configuration of atoms and ions, to predict an element's chemical properties.

Construct an explanation of the relationships among animal taxa using evidence from morphology, embryology, and biochemistry.

Analyze and interpret data to explain patterns in structure and function and construct a classification of representative animal taxa including: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata.

Develop a model (i.e. cladogram, phylogenetic tree) using data to place taxa in a phylogenetic (evolutionary) context to support hypotheses of relationships

Construct an explanation of how scientific forensic techniques used in collecting and submitting evidence for admissibility in court have evolved over time.

Plan and carry out investigations using the scientific protocols for analyzing a crime scene (e.g., search, isolate, collect, and record).

Construct an argument from evidence explaining the relevance of possible evidence at the site of an investigation.

Develop models to analyze and communicate information obtained from the crime scene.

Develop and use models to demonstrate the orientation of structures and regions of the human body.

Construct an explanation about the relationship between a body structure (i.e., cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems) and its function within the human body.

Obtain, evaluate and communicate information about the history and uses of epidemiology.

Ask questions about diseases and pathogens that cause them.

Construct an explanation of the body's defense mechanisms and how illness results when the mechanisms fail to maintain homeostasis.

Construct an argument from evidence to explain how the rapid evolution of pathogens results in diseases that will continue to be a public health concern.

Develop and use models to explain the different modes of disease transmission and how timing of exposure during the disease process affects spread of disease.

Construct an explanation for how atmospheric properties (i.e., temperature, density, chemical composition, pressure and moisture) influence its structure.

Develop a model that explains seasonal variations in insolation including length of daylight hours, angle of midday sun, and Earth's axial tilt.

Plan and carry out an investigation to explain how albedo and specific heat (land versus water surfaces) create differences in surface heating.

Plan and carry out an investigation of one-dimensional motion to calculate average and instantaneous speed and velocity.<ul><li>Analyze one-dimensional problems involving changes of direction, using algebraic signs to represent vector direction.</li><li>Apply one-dimensional kinematic equations to situations with no acceleration, and positive, or negative constant acceleration.</li></ul>

Analyze and interpret data using created or obtained motion graphs to illustrate the relationships among position, velocity, and acceleration, as functions of time.

Ask questions to compare and contrast scalar and vector quantities.

Analyze and interpret data of two-dimensional motion with constant acceleration.<ul><li>Resolve position, velocity, or acceleration vectors into components (x and y, horizontal and vertical).</li><li>Add vectors graphically and mathematically by adding components.</li><li>Interpret problems to show that objects moving in two dimensions have independent motions along each coordinate axis.</li><li>Design an experiment to investigate the projectile motion of an object by collecting and analyzing data using kinematic equations.</li><li>Predict and describe how changes to initial conditions affect the resulting motion.</li><li>Calculate range and time in the air for a horizontally launched projectile.</li><li>Predict and describe how changes to initial conditions affect the resulting motion.</li><li>Calculate range and time in the air for a horizontally launched projectile.</li></ul>

Construct an explanation based on evidence for the formation of the Earth.

Develop a model of the Earth's internal structures including both physical (i.e., lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core and inner core) and chemical (crust, mantle, core) layers.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for the origin and evolution of Earth's hydrosphere and atmosphere.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information relating the importance of microscopy to the origins of microbiology.

Ask questions to obtain information regarding the use of Koch's postulates to identify pathogens and other microorganisms.

Construct explanations to illustrate how advances in technological developments have driven major innovations in microbiology (e.g. biotechnology, microbial ecology, medical microbiology, etc.)

Ask questions to investigate the daily/seasonal motions of the sky and communicate the significance of constellations, for navigation and time-keeping.

Obtain, evaluate and communicate information about how ancient structures, instruments, philosophies and civilizations influenced ancient astronomy.

Construct an argument based on evidence to support the scientific claims made by the heliocentric model.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to relate Kepler's Laws to Newton's Law of Gravitation.

Construct an explanation for how technological advances in the design of reflecting and refracting telescopes have improved our ability to study the universe.

Construct an explanation for the role(s) of insects in diverse terrestrial and freshwater food webs (i.e., as herbivores, predators, and scavengers) and the need for conservation.

Ask questions to compare and contrast the prevalence of specific insect species in local Georgia regions.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to compare species diversity and biomass in different terrestrial habitats and evaluate why insects dominate both measures in most regions (e.g., field plot population sampling).

Construct an explanation of the importance of insects in ecosystem sustainability (e.g., plant pollination, decomposers/recyclers of organic matter).

Plan and carry out an investigation to demonstrate how some groups of insects are used as bio-indicators because they are sensitive or tolerant to habitat change conditions.

Construct an argument based on evidence to demonstrate co-evolution/co-adaptation relationships between various insects and plants (e.g. pollination syndrome).

Develop a model describing the organizational structure of a habitat within an ecosystem.

Ask questions to predict the cause and effect of varying levels of abiotic and biotic factors on a habitat in Georgia.

Construct an argument based on evidence to explain factors that lead to sustainability of biodiversity in an ecosystem.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information that compares historical and modern motivations for ocean exploration and methods of exploration.

Define problems and challenges associated with oceanographic research and exploration.

Ask questions to investigate and provide explanations about the basic plant structures (i.e., major organs, tissues, and cells) in relation to their functions.

Construct an explanation supported by evidence relating plant structures to plant processes (photosynthesis, respiration, transport, growth, reproduction, and dispersal).

Develop and use a model to trace the origin of changes of major plant structures and organs through geological time, in response to major changes in the environment (i.e., development of vascular tissues, change from spores to seed formers).

Construct an explanation about the coevolution of plant morphological and anatomical structures with animals (i.e., pollination), Rhizobium (i.e., nitrogen fixation), and Mycorrhiza (i.e., fungi in rhizosphere).

Use mathematical models to predict the effect of hormones on structural growth of a plant in response to an external stimulus. (Focus on phototropism, geotropism, and thigmotropism).

Construct an explanation about the relationship between the structures of the integumentary system and their role in protection, eliminating waste products, and regulating body temperature.

Develop and use models to relate the structure of the skeletal system to its functional role in movement, protection, and support.

Develop and use models to determine the relationship between structures of the muscular system and their role in movement and support.

Ask questions about how the interdependence of the integumentary, skeletal, and muscular systems makes support, protection, and movement possible.

Analyze and interpret geologic data to describe how the Earth's ocean basins, ocean and atmosphere were formed.

Construct an argument from evidence to support the role of plate tectonics in shaping the physical features of the ocean and continents.

Analyze and interpret data to understand how the dynamic events at plate boundaries influence the physical features of oceans and continents.

Develop and use models to investigate geological features from the continental margins to the deep ocean basins.

Ask questions to classify the sources of different types of marine sediments.

Construct an explanation of factors that regulate population density and growth within communities.

Develop and use models to predict population dispersion as a result of population growth and resource availability.

Construct an explanation to describe how population growth and dispersion are influenced by natural selection.

Construct an explanation based on evidence that describes the mechanisms causing plate tectonic motion.

Develop and use models for the different types of plate tectonic settings (convergent, divergent and transform boundaries).

Construct an explanation that communicates the relationship of geologic features, landforms, Earth materials and geologic hazards to each plate tectonic setting.

Ask questions to compare and contrast the relationship between transformation processes of all rock types (sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic) and specific plate tectonic settings.

Construct an argument using multiple forms of evidence that supports the theory of plate tectonics (e.g., fossils, paleomagnetism, seafloor age, etc.).

Analyze and interpret data to predict properties of ionic and covalent compounds.

Develop and use models to predict formulas for stable, binary ionic compounds based on balance of charges.

Use the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature for translating between chemical names and chemical formulas.

Construct an explanation of the geological history of earth and the effects of major environmental changes.

Construct an explanation of how evolution allows species to adapt to environmental changes.

Develop and use models to distinguish between different kinds of microorganisms (Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes) based on cellular structure (including but not limited to, cell wall, cell membrane, organelles, cilia, and flagella), molecular biology (plasmids, DNA, RNA and proteins), and biochemical composition (lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates).

Construct explanations of how viruses differ from other cellular parasites.

Construct explanations for the relative sizes and different types of cell shapes of microorganisms.

Plan and carry out investigations to explore various methods used to visualize microorganisms.

Plan and carry out investigations to explore how chemical variation and geological processes result in the formation of different rock forming minerals.

Develop and use models to demonstrate the processes that form plutonic (intrusive) and volcanic (extrusive) igneous rocks of differing compositions, and textures.

Ask questions to differentiate between processes that form various types of sedimentary rocks (i.e., weathering, erosion, deposition, burial, compaction and cementation).

Construct an explanation for how igneous and sedimentary rocks transform to different types of metamorphic rocks.

Ask questions to compare and contrast the relationships between air masses, source regions, fronts, and the changes associated with frontal passage (e.g., air density, temperature, dew point, wind direction, cloud types, precipitation.)

Ask questions to identify major types of clouds and weather associated with each type.

Construct an explanation of how clouds and different types of precipitation develop.

Develop and use models to construct an explanation of the role that pressure differences have on energy transfer and the development of wind systems (e.g., sea breeze, land breeze, Hadley cells, Ferrel cells, prevailing winds, jet stream, ENSO, global scale winds).